RDP 2014-07: International Trade Costs, Global Supply Chains and Value-added Trade in Australia Equation (2)

θ i j t s = ( τ i j t s × τ j i t s τ i i t s × τ j j t s ) 1 2 = ( x i i t s × x j j t s x i j t s × x j i t s ) 1 2 ( σ s − 1 ) . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqiUde3aa0 baaSqaaiaadMgacaWGQbGaamiDaaqaaiaadohaaaGccqGH9aqpdaqa daqaamaalaaabaGaeqiXdq3aa0baaSqaaiaadMgacaWGQbGaamiDaa qaaiaadohaaaGccqGHxdaTcqaHepaDdaqhaaWcbaGaamOAaiaadMga caWG0baabaGaam4CaaaaaOqaaiabes8a0naaDaaaleaacaWGPbGaam yAaiaadshaaeaacaWGZbaaaOGaey41aqRaeqiXdq3aa0baaSqaaiaa dQgacaWGQbGaamiDaaqaaiaadohaaaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaW baaSqabeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIYaaaaaaakiabg2da9maa bmaabaWaaSaaaeaacaWG4bWaa0baaSqaaiaadMgacaWGPbGaamiDaa qaaiaadohaaaGccqGHxdaTcaWG4bWaa0baaSqaaiaadQgacaWGQbGa amiDaaqaaiaadohaaaaakeaacaWG4bWaa0baaSqaaiaadMgacaWGQb GaamiDaaqaaiaadohaaaGccqGHxdaTcaWG4bWaa0baaSqaaiaadQga caWGPbGaamiDaaqaaiaadohaaaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaS qabeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIYaWaaeWaaeaacqaHdpWCdaah aaadbeqaaiaadohaaaWccqGHsislcaaIXaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa aakiaac6caaaa@7ECE@